Fibonacci Sequence

Fibonacci SequenceHow Does the Fibonacci Sequence Relate to Nature and Other Math Processes?Nature is all around us, and beca subroutine I spend a lot of time outside I have been able to enjoy and observe all that nature has to offer. Due to the concomitant that I love science and discovering how everything around me functions and relates to everything else, I decided to investigate the relation that Fibonacci has with other math processesas well as with the environment. I wanted to empathize how plants know the best way to form their seeds or outer shell, and why some patterns may repeat in nature in different plants and organic fertilizer materials. Thus, this exploration looks at two seemingly unrelated topicsFibonacci and the golden ratioboth of which produce the same repress, phi. While this could be mere coincidence, that possibility is negated when the fact that the number produced is irrational is introduced. It was this peculiar discovery, as well as the abundant appear ances of Fibonacci in nature, that led me to choose this exploration topic.To begin, I should start by identifying what initially sparked my curiosity in this subject a pinecone. As with galore(postnominal) other plants, as well as fruits and vegetables, pinecones display the golden ratio. In order to emend understand what I am talking about I have included a picture of a pinecone similar to the one that I first inspected.Labeled below is the noticeable spiral pattern on the pinecone. Counting the number of spirals in that direction produces the number eight, and in the other direction it produces the number thirteen while a third and tighter spiral produces twenty-one. These numbers are situational to the pinecone in the pictures, but the Fibonacci numbers as a whole are cold much complex than they first appear to be.To understand the importance of these numbers it is crucial to understand the fundamentals of the Fibonacci sequence itself. The sequence usually begins with the numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and follows an easily definable pattern.1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13Start with the number 5, or the nth number in the sequence. Well call it n. 5 equals the two numbers before it added unitedly 2 + 3. Or, in broader terms, a number in the sequence is the sum of the two numbers preceding it.1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13n = n-1 + n-2An interesting idea comes up at the character of this formula though. =This ratio just so happens to equal a number often notated as, or phi. 1/11Phi is greater than one, 2/12but less than two. 3/21.5Phi is greater than three halves, 5/31.666but less than five thirds. 8/51.6Phi is greater than eight fifths, 13/81.625but less than thirteen eights. 1.6180339988Youll notice that each fraction listed above is do up of numbers from the original seven number sequence, in other words, each pair of Fibonacci numbers creates a ratio that gets closer and closer to phi as the numbers increase. This is better shown on a graph I created, displaye d below.The ratio created by these sequences as they approach phi is called the golden ratio. The golden ratio, however, is not as eventful to this study as the lesser known concept of the golden angle. Below is a representation of the golden ratio in relation to the golden angle, the littler portion of the circle notated using alpha, or . = 137.507764 137.5The reason this conversion is necessary is because the golden angle is present in the next discussion topic sunflowers. Or, more specifically, their seeds. Sunflowers are another great example of the appearance of Fibonacci in nature, and also led me to an interesting discovery.In order to plot the distribution of a sunflowers seeds we need an X and a Y coordinate pair. Using the square roots from an index numbered from one to one thousand and multiplying them by the cos of the radian of the angle alpha gives us a formula to find x, dependent on the index number used. Y can be compute with a very similar formula, using sine i nstead of cosine. The equations are listed in their entirety below.When these formulas are used and input into Microsoft Excel they produce a graph similar to the following.Wow That graph bears a striking resemblance to the original Fibonacci spirals that appeared in the pinecones, and as mentioned earlier it is not mere coincidence.While the use of the golden ratio is seeming(a), there is another aspect of it that I wish to address, the golden spiral. Its formulae are given by the following equations, and are readily apparent in nature as well (nautilus shells for example).In these equations is the undetermined scaling factor and is the growth factor of the spiral. In the instance of the golden spiral, is equal to the surgical procedure below.At first, these formulae appeared to be a strange smattering of numbers, and one I didnt understand at all. However, upon noticing the appearance of a natural log in the formula for I made a connection to the letter , better known as Eul ers number, that is present in both the X and Y formulae. aft(prenominal) thorough searches of many sources I discovered another math process that bares resemblance to the above formulae.This is Eulers formula. It becomes increasingly apparent that its resemblance is not coincidental when the formula is transformed into the final formula shown below.While the visual similarities may be obvious when the formula is displayed as it is above, the importance of each variable quantity can be clarified with simple explanations. is the arbitrary scaling factor, responsible for determining the scale of the spiral. dictates the rotation of the spiral, and remains constant. The in dictates the growth of the spiral, and the dictates the speed unneurotic representing the speed of the growth of the spiral. More simply put, any given ordered pair can be found by multiplying the growth of the spiral by its rotation (as shown in the originally given formulae for finding said coordinates.)What is produced, however, after inputting over two thousand pieces of data, derived from the coordinates calculated using the formulae above, into Microsoft Excel, is shown in the graph below.After putting in the Fibonacci squares (using the original golden ratio) into the spiral its appearance and relation to Fibonacci become even clearer.Very simply put, my investigation yielded the result that the Fibonacci sequence, the golden spiral, and Eulers number are all related to one another in nature. The results are eye opening for me, as I am beginning to stimulate just how much of the world is made up of mathrather than my previous belief that everything natural occurred randomly. My exploration only stemmed into plants, and while that may only have practical use in palm such as botany, all three have great value in many fields. To begin with, Fibonacci appears in bee populations, proportions of the human body, formation of cells, and possibly more practically in code and the stock ma rket. Any of these fields could present an interesting annex to my exploration, and because they all stem from Fibonacci they all have roots in combinatorics and number theory. The implications of this are staggering Simply the thought that all of these vastly different fields are related to one another by one sequence of numbers discovered by Leonardo of Pisa, better known as Fibonacci himself, is snarly considering that he discovered them while looking at the breeding patterns of rabbits. There are so many other areas in nature that Fibonacci appears in, and Im so excited that I have the opportunity to discover and study them now that I know more about them.Works CitedAzad, Kalid. Intuitive sense Of Eulers Formula. Better Explained. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015. .Nature by Numbers. Eterea. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. .Spirals. http//faculty.smcm.edu/sgoldstine/pinecone/spirals2.gifWolverson, Tim. Plot a Fibonacci Spiral in Excel. Reviews and Guides. WordPress, 08 Feb. 2014. W eb. Jan.-Feb. 2015. .McDonald 1

Life And Work Of Abu Ali Ibn Sina

Life And Work Of Abu Ali Ibn SinaIbn Sina, Abu Ali (Latin Avicenna) (980-1037), a scholar of encyclopedic, physician and philosopher. He was born near Bukhara in Afshane 16 August 980. The father of Ibn Sina, Bukhara officer, a native of Balkh, while the capital of Greco-Bactrian kingdom, gave his son a systematic education at home, awakened in him at an early age the desire for knowledge. Soon, Abu Ali has surpassed his teacher and started an independent study of physics, metaphysics and medicine, referring to the works of Euclid, Ptolemy and Aristotle. If Euclid and Ptolemys Almagest did not give the young Ibn Sina the great difficulties that the Aristotelian Metaphysics demanded from him a lot of effort. Up to forty times he took a reading, but I could not comprehend the depth of its content has not encountered a book seller in writing of al-Farabi on to metaphysics, the commentary on the works of Aristotle.As a philosopher Ibn Sina belonged to the direction of Falsafah, eastern p eripatetizma. Did much to develop the philosophical vocabulary in Arabic and Persian languages. Defending and developing the philosophical system of Aristotle, Ibn Sina gave in his writings, considerable attention logic, the doctrine of causativeity, the first reason, matter and form of knowledge, categories, principles of organization of thought and knowledge. In the teachings of Ibn Sina atomic number 18 constantly present two approaches to the description of the world the physical and metaphysical. When he talks as a physicist, it paints a picture of things in ground of movement, space, time and natural determinism, has things in order from simple to complex, from the inanimate to the living and completes the most complex organism, endowed with reason, a man. In this picture, the mind is regarded as nigh connected with the body, to matter Soul arise when there is a corporeal substance, suitable to use it the soul (Book of the soul). This matter the brain, various department s which correspond to different psychological processes. Storage is a general feeling of power performance, and it is located in front of the brain. That is why, when this part is damaged, the scope of representation is violated. Store that accepts the idea is a draw off called memory, and it is located in the back of the brain. The middle part of the brain was created as a place of power of imagination. Considering the different mental states and plaints sleep, dreams, power of suggestion, predictions, prophecies, pondering the mysteries and miracles, called Ibn Sina widen the cause of all this, based on the laws of nature.The concept of a strictly ordered world, the slave laws of determinism, is one of the central points of the philosophy of Avicenna. A number of causal dependence, rising to one another generating reasons for ending the first cause, which, being the active principle (the will), releases its potentiality, which mediated a number of steps, there is a multiple c reated world. resolving the problem of not yet the reality of the world, but its independence from the Creator, Ibn Sina has focused on the topic of the possible and necessary. The basic idea of Arabic peripatetics the idea of the world, opportunities are already contained in the Uniform and therefore sovechnogo Creator. Adhering to the Peripatetic tradition in his doctrine of causality, Ibn Sina gave up hard determinism the existence of vozmozhnosuschego is not necessary in itself and becomes much(prenominal) a result will c touche neobhodimosuschego as the first cause, giving rise to the subsequent series and own who were making them necessary. First, first principle is the only thing originally to itself. Everything else derives from it, and therefore only possible. But since there is a reason, the possibility, the latter is in turn a necessity and as such a necessary cause of the next generation. Thus, the first reason is just the first jolt, in the future world of things is determined by causal dependence at bottom himself.Another important point is the philosophy of Ibn Sinas doctrine of the soul. Noting the indispensable bond of mind with bodily matter, Ibn Sina, in contrast to Aristotles interest in mind as well as a special, netelesnoy substance that existing in the body, differs from him and dominates him, it is not simply a form that exists in a solid substrate, it does not annex to the body, and (in the terminology peripatetizma) creates the human body as a creator, is the cause of the body. Potential mind through learning, mastery of knowledge is urgent. Reaching the top step, grasping the annul forms, purchasing power of the active intellect, he is acquired. At this stage of the work of the mind can no longer depend on outside(a) impressions, and even the state of the body, pretending about thinking connection with the body, with matter rather a hindrance. Such a mind does not need to own who were perusal intelligible he understands them directly, intuitively. In the acquired human mind is likened to the potency of the first principles of all things (On the soul). The man a free, sovereign being. His mind is not only the recipients of external impressions, but also a focused subject, projecting the idea. Independence of mind from the body of Ibn Sina argued its indivisibility, as well as the ability to work and even its put one over with the weakening of the body, feelings, etc. A good argument in favor of netelesnosti mind is described by Ibn Sina introspective experience, the image of the so-called floating people. If you think that your entity once created with common sense and perfect form, and we assume that parts of it are hidden from view and shall not come into contact, and separated from each other and hang some time in the outdoors, then you will find that it forgets everything except the assertion of individuality , which consists in the mind (hints and instructions). In this experience the person is aware that I am I, even if I do not know that I have an arm, leg or any other authority, I stayed I would have, even if they were not there (On the Soul) . As netelesnoy soul is immortal, as vnutritelesnoy individually, and, moreover, forever (the concept of individual immortality). Accordingly, the mans knowledge of itself (introspection) unremovably individually. On this understanding of Ibn Sina mind and forms of knowledge influenced Sufism and ain experience Tariqah (Sufi way to God). This is reflected in its pure Sufi works A Treatise on the Haya, son of Yakzana, the Epistle of the Birds, Salman and Absalom, etc.

Importance of Breakfast in Relation to Obesity

Importance of eat in Relation to ObesityA critical evaluationThrough many influential sources, such as investigate and advertising, eat has been widely portrayed as the most important meal of the day. In fact, more than epidemiological manifest tends to support this nonion by demonstrating that eat skipping trains to an increased risk of infection of obesity (McCrory et al, 2014 Browns et al, 2013). Since the 1980s, the prevalence of over weight and obesity has sharply risen worldwide, with 1.9 billion adults being characterized as overweight and 600 million as cogent in 2014 (WHO, 2015). In the UK alone, the proportion of men and women characterized as obese has increased by 14% and 10% from the early 1990s to 2015 (Public Health England, 2017). For an individual, obesity is usually the result of an imbalance between push button consumed and energy expended (WHO, 2016). Although energy imbalance ultimately take ons to weight micturate, the primary factors ar not yet c ompletely understood. Currently, in that respect is no enjoin linking specific foods to obesity, however recently, much attention has been given to eating behaviours, such as eat eating, as they may represent a combined effect of a number of nutrients, and eat habits could potentially demonstrate an interplay between other life-style factors, such as an overall poor victuals and physical inertia. If eating behaviours are observed to be causally linked to weight gain, then they could potentially represent practical strategies for obesity prevention. On these grounds, this move will explore a wide variety of evidence regarding the stand between eat skipping and weight gain. Furthermore, we shall discuss whether eat eating habits have been linked with overall dietary health and physical activity, as these factors are now known to be strongly linked with obesity.It is reasonable to assume that ones beliefs about eat will influence the likelihood of an individual engaging i n this behaviour. For example, early research reported that the majority of habitual eat eaters believed that breakfast was important for providing energy and increasing productivity throughout the morning (Chapman et al, 1998). More recently, among a UK national representative sample, it was reported that 64% of the population habitually consumed breakfast, whilst 6% skipped it. Moreover, the breakfast eaters believed that breakfast maintained weight control, whereas breakfast skippers believed that missing breakfast supported weight loss (Reeves et al, 2013). This evidence signifies that eating behaviours, such as breakfast skipping, are for the most part determined by what individuals believe. Some beliefs about scientific matters are thought confessedly despite substantial evidence disproving them, whereas other science-based beliefs are allegedly true even though inadequate evidence exists to support or disprove them (McCrory et al, 2014). This is important because a widely accepted belief is that frequently consuming breakfast compared with skipping breakfast is preventative of weight gain or causes weight loss.A recent meta-analysis reported that the risk for overweight and obesity increases by 55% when breakfast is skipped (Browns et al, 2013). As this association has often been reported, a theory has been developed which, if correct, may potentially explain how breakfast skipping can lead to weight gain. The theory states that when breakfast is skipped, there is an overcompensation for the energy missed at breakfast by ingesting more energy than one otherwise would have consumed at breakfast alone (Pereira et al, 2011). On the other hand, lets also consider that breakfast skipping could result in no weight change over time (in a scenario where breakfast skipping does not lead to overcompensation) or to weight loss (in a scenario where there is absence of compensation). While cross-sectional studies have generally reported that breakfast skipping le ads to weight gain, currently, there are limited high quality experimental evidence supporting this notion. It is also important to point out that all of the studies retrospected in the Browns et al (2013) meta-analysis, were cross-sectional thereby causality cannot be concluded from their ndings.Whilst randomised controlled trials do not directly allow conclusions to be drawn concerning fluctuations in energy balance, they do allow for conclusions to be made about temporary changes which, if constant over time, could potentially result in changes in energy balance. Yet, short-duration ( 1 week) randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of breakfast skipping on successive energy inhalation have been equivocal (Astbury et al, 2011 Leidy et al, 2013 Levitsky et al, 2013). For example two of these studies reported that impromptu lunch intake was greater after breakfast skipping, compared to when breakfast was consumed (Astbury et al, 2011 Leidy et al, 2013). In contras t, Levitsky et al (2013) showed under compensation at lunch, signifying that the collective intake across breakfast and lunch remained lower in the breakfast skipping condition. On the other hand, longer-duration (2-3 weeks) randomized controlled trials do not appear to show a relationship between breakfast skipping and weight gain (Farshchi et al, 2005 Schlundt et al, 1992 Tuttle et al, 1950). Although the results of these experimental trials are varied, they do not support for the theory that breakfast skipping leads to overeating.Furthermore, in prospective studies with up to 10 years follow-up, it has been observed that individuals who regularly ingest breakfast appear to gain less weight (Odegaard et al, 2013 Purslow et al, 2008 van der Heijden et al, 2007). One explanation for this could be that skipping breakfast may merely be an indication of overall lifestyle, for example, substantial evidence suggests that skipping breakfast is associated with a less nutritious diet and le ss physical activity (Szajewska et al, 2010 Rampersaud et al, 2005). This is significant because both of these modifiable factors are strongly correlated with the increased risk of obesity and other chronic diseases. For example, much epidemiological evidence shows a relationship between eating breakfast and healthier food choices and dietary habits (Skinner et al, 1985 Lattimore et al, 2010), whereas, breakfast skippers are associated with whole diets that are inadequate (Christakis et al, 1968 Serra-Majem et al, 2002). Of the studies mentioned above, two are outdated, nevertheless, they have been included to demonstrate that the association between breakfast consumption and healthy lifestyle habits has been repeatedly observed over the last 50 years or so, demonstrating that this relationship has remained constant over time. To further explain the results mentioned above, a recent review by Rampersaud et al (2005), revealed that habitual breakfast skippers were more likely to be o verweight compared to breakfast eaters, regardless of a higher overall energy intake in the breakfast eating group. It is possible that the combination of breakfast skipping with additional poor eating behaviours, such as an insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, is alter to the results observed in this study, as it has been previously established that a low intake of fruit and vegetables increases the risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Hamer et al, 2007).Regarding physical activity, much epidemiological evidence reports that breakfast skippers are less likely to participate in physical activity (Cohen et al, 2003 Keski-Rahkonen et al, 2003 Aarnio et al, 2002). A proposed mechanism is that skipping breakfast may lead to lethargy and physical inactivity throughout the day (Pollitt et al, 1998 Meyers et al, 1989 Shaw et al, 1998) thereby contributing to positive energy balance and thus weight gain. Although there is a vast center of evidence supporting the idea t hat breakfast skipping is associated with poor dietary habits and physical inactivity, no conclusions can be drawn yet as the evidence which has in general found these positive associations have been drawn from cross-sectional and prospective studies which as mentioned before, do not prove causality.Clearly, obesity is a significant public health problem due to its high prevalence and important health consequences. Therefore, in order to provide practical recommendations for the control and/or prevention of obesity, its causal factors mustiness be identfied. Although there is substantial evidence linking breakfast skipping to weight gain, a reasoned conclusion cannot be drawn as the majority of studies reporting this association merely identify a relationship, not a causal pathway as they are cross-sectional or observational studies. On the other hand, experimental trials can usually determine causation. Regarding the trials reviewed in this essay, short-term trials have demonstra ted effects of breakfast skipping on energy intake and appetite later in the day, although together these results are ambiguous, also longer-term randomized controlled trials have not show effects of breakfast skipping on energy imbalance and subsequent weight change.Overall, the evidence we have discussed here does not strongly support the widely accepted theory that breakfast skipping leads to an overcompensation of energy in subsequent meals, nor does the evidence support a common belief that breakfast contributes to weight gain or loss. It can however be argued that whether an individual eats breakfast or not, this will not directly influence their risk of weight gain or obesity. In fact it could be argued that other lifestyle behaviours, such as physical inactivity and inadequate diets, are actually the factors driving this observed association. An integral issue when evaluating the impact that lifestyle behaviours have on obesity is that these behaviours are very tight to pre cisely measure within a large, generalizable population. Equally, trying to establish that one factor alone is impacting weight gain is a difficult task, as seen in this essay, many factors interact with and affect each other. Therefore, as to whether breakfast is the most important meal of the day with regards to the obesity, the jury is still out, so to speak. In the meantime, the unbiased recommendation to eat less and exercise more appears to still be the most effective tool in the prevention and treatment of obesity.Words 1569ReferencesAarnio, M., Winter, T., Kujala, U. and Kaprio, J., (2002). Associations of health related behaviour, social relationships, and health status with persistent physical activity and inactivity a study of Finnish adolescent twins. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(5), p360-364.Astbury, N.M., Taylor, M.A. and Macdonald, I.A., (2011). breakfast consumption affects appetite, energy intake, and the metabolic and endocrine responses to foods consume d later in the day in male habitual breakfast eaters. The Journal of nutrition, 141 (7), p1381-1389.Brown, A.W., Brown, M.M.B. and Allison, D.B., 2013. Belief beyond the evidence using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show 2 practices that distort scientific evidence. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 98(5), pp.1298-1308.Chapman, G.E. and Melton, C.L., (1998). College and university students breakfast consumption patterns behaviours, beliefs, motivations and personalized and environmental influences. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 59 (4), p176.Christakis, G., Miridjanian, A., Nath, L., Khurana, H.S., Cowell, C., Archer, M., Frank, O., Ziffer, H., Baker, H. and James, G., 1968. A nutritional epidemiologic investigation of 642 New York City children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 21 (1), p107-126.Cohen, B., Evers, S., Manske, S., Bercovitz, K. and Edward, H.G., (2003). Smoking, physical activity and breakfast consumption amon g secondary school students in a southwestern Ontario community. Canadian Journal of Public Health/ revaluation Canadienne de Santee Publique, p41-44.Farshchi, H.R., Taylor, M.A. and Macdonald, I.A., (2005). Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 81 (2), p388-396.Hamer, M. and Chida, Y., (2007). use of goods and services of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of type 2 diabetes systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of hypertension, 25 (12), p2361-2369.Keski-Rahkonen, A., Kaprio, J., Rissanen, A., Virkkunen, M. and Rose, R.J., (2003). Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults. European journal of clinical nutrition, 57(7), p842-853.Lattimore, P., Walton, J., Bartlett, S., Hackett, A. and Stevenson, L., (2010). Regular consumption of a cereal breakfast. Effects on mood and body image satisfaction in adult non-obes e women. Appetite, 55(3), p512-521.Leidy, H.J., Ortinau, L.C., Douglas, S.M. and Hoertel, H.A., (2013). Beneficial effects of a higher-protein breakfast on the appetitive, hormonal, and skittish signals controlling energy intake regulation in overweight/obese,breakfast-skipping, late-adolescent girls. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(4), p677-688.Levitsky, D.A. and Pacanowski, C.R., (2013). Effect of skipping breakfast on subsequent energy intake. Physiology behavior, 119, p9-16.McCrory, M.A., (2014). repast skipping and variables related to energy balance in adults A brief review, with emphasis on the breakfast meal. Physiology behavior, 134, p51-54.Meyers, A.F., (1989). Undernutrition, hunger, and learning in children. Nutrition news (USA).Odegaard, A.O., Jacobs, D.R., Steffen, L.M., Van Horn, L., Ludwig, D.S. and Pereira, M.A., (2013). Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk. Diabetes care, 36 (10), p3100-3106.Pereira, M.A., Erickson, E., McKee, P., Schrankler, K., Raatz, S.K., Lytle, L.A. and Pellegrini, A.D., (2011). Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. The Journal of nutrition, 141(1), p163-168.Pollitt, E. and Mathews, R., (1998). Breakfast and cognition an endogenic summary. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 67(4), p804-813.Public Health England contributor. (2017). Adult Obesity. Available http//www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/adult_obesity. function accessed 13th Mar 2017.Purslow, L.R., Sandhu, M.S., Forouhi, N., Young, E.H., Luben, R.N., Welch, A.A., Khaw, K.T., Bingham, S.A. and Wareham, N.J., 2008. Energy intake at breakfast and weight change prospective study of 6,764 middle-aged men and women. American journal of epidemiology, 167(2), p188-192.Rampersaud, G.C., Pereira, M.A., Girard, B.L., Adams, J. and Metzl, J.D., (2005). Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. Journal of the American D ietetic Association, 105(5), p743-760.Reeves, S., Halsey, L.G., McMeel, Y. and Huber, J.W., (2013). Breakfast habits, beliefs and measures of health and wellbeing in a nationally representative UK sample. Appetite, 60, p51-57.Schlundt, D.G., Hill, J.O., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J. and Sharp, T., (1992). The role of breakfast in the treatment of obesity a randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55(3), p645-651.Serra-Majem, L., Bartrina, J.A., Prez-Rodrigo, C., Ribas-Barba, L. and Delgado-Rubio, A., (2006). Prevalence and deteminants of obesity in Spanish children and young people. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(1), p67-72.Shaw, M.E., (1998). Adolescent breakfast skipping an Australian study. Adolescence, 33(132), p851-862.Skinner, J.D., Salvetti, N.N., Ezell, J.M., Penfield, M.P. and Costello, C.A., (1985). Appalachian adolescents eating patterns and nutrient intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 85(9), p1093-1099.Szajewska, H. and R uszczyski, M., (2010). Systematic review demonstrating that breakfast consumption influences body weight outcomes in children and adolescents in Europe. lively reviews in food science and nutrition, 50(2), p113-119.Tuttle, W.W., Daum, K., Myers, L. and Martin, C., (1950). Effect of omitting breakfast on the physiologic response of men. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 26, p332-335.Heijden, A.A., Hu, F.B., Rimm, E.B. and Dam, R.M., (2007). A prospective study of breakfast consumption and weight gain among US men. Obesity, 15(10), p2463-2469.WHO contributor. (2015). facts on obesity. Available http//www.who.int/features/factfiles/obesity/facts/en/index4.html. Last accessed 13th Mar 2017.WHO contributor. (2016). Obesity and overweight. Available http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Last accessed 13th Mar 2017.

Importance of Understanding, Compassion and Empathy in Patient Care Ess

Lying in a hospital bed feeling, sick, scared and helpless, the only comforting archetype is supposed to be knowing that when you bring something, a admit is there to help you. You ring the call bell for assistance in going to the widget and no one comes. You ring the bell again, and still no one comes. You ring it for the third measure and a voice comes over the speaker, I ordain be back in a few minutes, I have some things I have to finish up. You need to get come forward of bed right now, and you cant do it alone. Now, on top of everything else, youre feeling alone and frustrated. If soulfulness doesnt appear soon you testament have to deal with embarrassment and shame. On top of being sick, look how many other things a patient may have to go through with(predicate) however because of something as simple as no one coming when the call bell is rung. A nurses job is not proficient medical. A good nurse moldiness be empathetic and aware of the patients feelings and needs . Empathy is making sure the patient receives comfort, compassion, sensitivity, solace and understanding, qualities that are all important(p) for any doctor, nurse, or caregiver. For patients, a lose of empathy from a physician or nurse can easily be interpreted as its antonym hostility (Comor, 1997). Patients are human beings and need to be treated as such. Its terrible to say, exclusively in our society today, it is much too common to catch horror stories of people in a hospital who are treated more like a number or a diagnosis than a human being. I chose to discuss the nurses role because in reality he or she normally spends the most time with the patient. It isnt incessantly the nurse who should uphold these standards of empathy. I just recently had an experience with my mother in which it was not the nurse who needed t... ...kly or maybe not compensate at all. I know time is an important issue in our society and a lot of us dont have any, but we need to step back and r emember that we are all human and need to be treated as such. It may just save someones life.ReferencesBaier, Sue & Shomaker, Mary Zimmeth (1995). get it on Number Ten. New York CRC Press.Chaisson, Jean (1999). Nursing stories journalists fail to cover. Neiman Reports, 53(3), p.55.Comor, H (1997). A question of care. CMAJ, 156(4), pp.541-544.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, August). Nursing support inflluences outcomes for oxytocin patents. Womens Health Weekly, p4.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, May). Doula support reduces complications and shortens labor. Womens Health Weekly, p12.Gastmans, C. (1999). Care as a moral attitude in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 6(3), pp. 214-223. Importance of Understanding, Compassion and Empathy in Patient Care EssLying in a hospital bed feeling, sick, scared and helpless, the only comforting thought is supposed to be knowing that when you need something, a nurse is there to help you. You ring the call bell f or assistance in going to the restroom and no one comes. You ring the bell again, and still no one comes. You ring it for the third time and a voice comes over the speaker, I will be back in a few minutes, I have some things I have to finish up. You need to get out of bed right now, and you cant do it alone. Now, on top of everything else, youre feeling alone and frustrated. If someone doesnt appear soon you will have to deal with embarrassment and shame. On top of being sick, look how many other things a patient may have to go through just because of something as simple as no one coming when the call bell is rung. A nurses job is not just medical. A good nurse must be empathetic and aware of the patients feelings and needs. Empathy is making sure the patient receives comfort, compassion, sensitivity, solace and understanding, qualities that are essential for any doctor, nurse, or caregiver. For patients, a lack of empathy from a physician or nurse can easily be interpreted as its a ntonym hostility (Comor, 1997). Patients are human beings and need to be treated as such. Its terrible to say, but in our society today, it is much too common to hear horror stories of people in a hospital who are treated more like a number or a diagnosis than a human being. I chose to discuss the nurses role because in reality he or she normally spends the most time with the patient. It isnt always the nurse who should uphold these standards of empathy. I just recently had an experience with my mother in which it was not the nurse who needed t... ...kly or maybe not even at all. I know time is an important issue in our society and a lot of us dont have any, but we need to step back and remember that we are all human and need to be treated as such. It may just save someones life.ReferencesBaier, Sue & Shomaker, Mary Zimmeth (1995). Bed Number Ten. New York CRC Press.Chaisson, Jean (1999). Nursing stories journalists fail to cover. Neiman Reports, 53(3), p.55.Comor, H (1997). A ques tion of care. CMAJ, 156(4), pp.541-544.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, August). Nursing support inflluences outcomes for Oxytocin patents. Womens Health Weekly, p4.Lindergren, Maryclaire & Key, Sandra W. (1999, May). Doula support reduces complications and shortens labor. Womens Health Weekly, p12.Gastmans, C. (1999). Care as a moral attitude in nursing. Nursing Ethics, 6(3), pp. 214-223.

Fetishism, perversion and the Gay Identity :: Socialization Sociology Essays

Fetishism, perversion and the Gay personal identityThe contemporary Euro-American idea of identity as coherent, seamless, bounded and whole is indeed an illusion. On the contrary, the self carries many internal contradictions and nuances as a reflection of the many roles that a person plays in various social circles. Identity is parti eithery post-social and socially constructed though rituals and disciplinary acts. In turn Delany challenges the fantasy of a Gay Identity, an entity of being that could be defined as referential. The point to the notion of Gay Identity is that, in terms of a transcendent reality concerned with internality per se (a universal similarity, a shared necessary condition, a defining aspect, a generalizable and inescapable essence common to all men and women called gay), I believe Gay Identity has no more existence than a single, essential, transcendental sexual difference (Delany 1991131). The meaning of Gay Identity does not carry over across all time, sharing itself in a congruent way to each gay community to encompass an irreducible gayness. In fact, the very notion of the existence of any gay properties characterizing the Gay Identity is seriously questioned and refuted, as is the concept of a universal, timeless sexual difference (Delany 1991). According to Sedgwick, even the language used to identify the gay identity queer is non-referential. Queer describes the gay identity in as many uncharacteristic ways that fail to lap certain individual homosexual experiences as it does in describing characteristic ways that overlap other homosexual experiences. Queerness is not always translatable just as being queer means different things to different gays. Queer seems to hinge often more radically and explicitly on a persons undertaking particular, performative acts of experimental self-perception and filiation (Sedgwick 19939). Sedgwick contends that there always exists a performative aspect of the self in all the roles that peop le play, including the queer role. Thus queer is not outside of the performance. This description of performance as identity suggests that the retrospective act of interpreting performance constructs personhood. During moments of pagan misunderstanding and differences that cause personal stress and strains in individual access to self-representation of identity, a social actor has the ability to alter identity. By experimenting with who they are finished sexual performance, people shape their sexual identities (Sedgwick 1993). Building critically upon Delany, I call into question the accuracy of perversion belonging in marginal spaces. I specifically seek to analyze fetishism as a kind of perversion.

Kurt Cobain :: essays research papers

Kurt CobainThe number one cause of death in teens is suicide? tone back to one of the most commonly known and most devistating suicides, of Kurt Cobain lead singer of the former band Nirvana. In his time of medication he had the manhood in his hands. He used personal turmoil as fuel for great music. Suprisingly, he seemed unusually tortured by success. The author of Come As You Are The Story of Nirvana said, "He was a very bright, sweet, generous, and caring person, perhaps a little too sweet and sensitive for the business he was in." One of Cobains biggest worries was that his band had sold out. In one line of a not-so-popular song he says, "Id rather be dead than be cool." It seemed like the erst unknown punkish Seattle band moved mainstream overnight. Nirvana caught on fast and changed rock and roll music forever. Nirvana, along with a few other Seattle bands, molded the music of the 90s, alternative. Where did it all start for Kurt? Kurt Donald Cobain was bor n February 20, 1967. He was a happy child living with his mother and father in Aberdeen, Washington. But the happiness, soon interrupted in 1975 when Kurts parents got divorced. Kurt was ashamed. He longed for the typical "Brady Bunch" family, but instead he lived in a trailor with his mother. In result of this Cobain became extremely anti-social, he had few friends, and was beat up alot. On his 14th birthday Kurt recieved his first guitar. He had been writing poetry since he was 13, so he started using his poetry to write songs. He was in several bands throughout highschool, some of them were named Fecal Matter, Skid Row, Brown Cow, The Sellouts, and Pencap Chew. Around the time of Kurts senoir year he formed Nirvana with high school friend, Krist (Chris) Novoselic. A few drummers of theirs fell through and then they found what kurt called "the worlds best drummer", Dave Grohl. His drumming style was exactly what nirvana needed. Two months before Kurts high school g raduation exercise he dropped out. This move made his mother angry so she kicked him out of the house. He lived with friends, and for a time he even lived under a keep going of the Wishkah River in Aberdeen. A few years later, in June of 89, Nirvanas first album was released, entitled Bleach. They did short US tours and European tours to promote their album with bands such as Pearl Jam and Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Effects Of Intolerance In Society Essay -- essays research papers

In society, many people tend to reject those who are different. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper lee side presents a number of situations that reveal the effects of bigotry on other peoples lives. The characters in the novel who were treated with a lack of intolerance were Boo Radley, Atticus Finch and Tom Robinson. By observing the effects of intolerance on peoples lives, the children gain good-will, respect and understanding for its victims.The children gain sympathy for Boo Radley when they observe how others reject him. Ever since his teenage years, Boo had been a prisoner in his have got home because his father kept him locked up as a form of punishment. As a result of his isolationism, Boo gained the reputation of Maycombs mysterious man. Town folk have created rumours about Boo for a source of gossip. Miss Stephanie, known as the neighbourhood scold, told the children that Boo drove the scissors into his parents leg, pulled them out, wiped them on his pants, and resumed his activities (Lee 11). Jem Finch was another culprit who succeeded in spreading rumours about Boo Radley. The young and mischievous Jem told Dill that Boo dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch (13). It appeared that the townspeople were blinded by their own stupidity by harassing the helpless Boo Radley. Boo was never given a chance to prove his humanity to the town. Although they assisted in tormenting Boo at first, the children ended up feeling sympathetic toward him. ...